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CaNHL4-silenced pepper plants display significantly increased susceptibility to TMV, Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae, exhibiting reduced expression of JA-related and SA-related genes and reduced ROS production. However, transient overexpression of CaNHL4 in pepper increases the expression of JA-related and SA-related genes, enhances the accumulation of ROS, and inhibits the infection of these three pathogens. Collectively, for the first time, we identified the NHL genes in pepper and demonstrated that CaNHL4 is involved in the production of ROS and that it also regulates the expression of JA-related and SA-related genes in response to different pathogens, suggesting that members of the CaNHL family play an essential role in the disease resistance of pepper.Vitis riparia, a critically important Native American grapevine species, is used globally in rootstock and scion breeding and contributed to the recovery of the French wine industry during the mid-19th century phylloxera epidemic. This species has abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and the largest natural geographic distribution of the North American grapevine species. Here we report an Illumina short-read 369X coverage, draft de novo heterozygous genome sequence of V. riparia Michx. 'Manitoba 37' with the size of ~495 Mb for 69,616 scaffolds and a N50 length of 518,740 bp. Using RNAseq data, 40,019 coding sequences were predicted and annotated. Benchmarking with Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) analysis of predicted gene models found 96% of the complete BUSCOs in this assembly. The assembly continuity and completeness were further validated using V. riparia ESTs, BACs, and three de novo transcriptome assemblies of three different V. riparia genotypes resulting in >98% of respective sequences/transcripts mapping with this assembly. Alignment of the V. riparia assembly and predicted CDS with the latest V. vinifera 'PN40024' CDS and genome assembly showed 99% CDS alignment and a high degree of synteny. An analysis of plant transcription factors indicates a high degree of homology with the V. vinifera transcription factors. QTL mapping to V. riparia 'Manitoba 37' and V. vinifera PN40024 has identified genetic relationships to phenotypic variation between species. This assembly provides reference sequences, gene models for marker development and understanding V. riparia's genetic contributions in grape breeding and research.Cytosolic Ca2+ plays a key role in signal transduction in plants. Calcium imaging is the most common approach to studying dynamic changes in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ content. Here, we used mature 'Fuji' apples (Malus pumila Mill.) to obtain viable protoplasts from flesh tissue cells by enzymatic hydrolysis; then, three small-molecule fluorescent probes (fluo-8/AM, fluo-4/AM, and rhod-2/AM) were loaded into the protoplasts. All three Ca2+ fluorescent probes successfully entered the cytoplasm but did not enter the vacuole. Both the Ca2+ chelator (EGTA) and Ca2+ channel blocker (La3+) reduced the fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm. The calcium ionophore A23187 increased the fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm at 5 µmol/L but decreased it at 50 µmol/L. Additionally, A23187 reversed the fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm, which was decreased by La3+. Ionomycin is also a calcium ionophore that can increase the fluorescence intensity of calcium in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that small-molecule Ca2+ fluorescent probes can be used to detect changes in cytosolic calcium levels in the cells of fruit flesh tissue. In addition, the optimum concentration of fluo-8/AM was determined to be 5 µmol/L. This was the first time that protoplasts have been isolated from apple flesh tissue cells and small-molecule fluorescent probes have been used to detect calcium in the cytoplasm of flesh tissue cells. This study provides a new method to study calcium signal transduction in fruit flesh tissue.Dissecting the genetic regulation of gene expression is critical for understanding phenotypic variation and species evolution. However, our understanding of the transcriptional variability in sweet potato remains limited. Here, we analyzed two publicly available datasets to explore the landscape of transcriptomic variations and its genetic basis in the storage roots of sweet potato. The comprehensive analysis identified a total of 724,438 high-confidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 26,026 expressed genes. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis revealed 4408 eQTLs regulating the expression of 3646 genes, including 2261 local eQTLs and 2147 distant eQTLs. Two distant eQTL hotspots were found with target genes significantly enriched in specific functional classifications. By combining the information from regulatory network analyses, eQTLs and association mapping, we found that IbMYB1-2 acts as a master regulator and is the major gene responsible for the activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the storage roots of sweet potato. Our study provides the first insight into the genetic architecture of genome-wide expression variation in sweet potato and can be used to investigate the potential effects of genetic variants on key agronomic traits in sweet potato.Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an important perennial fruit tree with a range of interesting horticultural traits. It was domesticated from wild jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba), but the genomic variation dynamics and genetic changes underlying its horticultural traits during domestication are poorly understood. Here, we report a comprehensive genome variation map based on the resequencing of 350 accessions, including wild, semi-wild and cultivated jujube plants, at a >15× depth. Using the combination of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and selective sweep analysis, we identified several candidate genes potentially involved in regulating seven domestication traits in jujube. For fruit shape and kernel shape, we integrated the GWAS approach with transcriptome profiling data, expression analysis and the transgenic validation of a candidate gene to identify a causal gene, ZjFS3, which encodes an ethylene-responsive transcription factor. Similarly, we identified a candidate gene for bearing-shoot length and the number of leaves per bearing shoot and two candidate genes for the seed-setting rate using GWAS. In the selective sweep analysis, we also discovered several putative genes for the presence of prickles on bearing shoots and the postharvest shelf life of fleshy fruits. This study outlines the genetic basis of jujube domestication and evolution and provides a rich genomic resource for mining other horticulturally important genes in jujube.Polyploid plants often exhibit enhanced stress tolerance relative to their diploid counterparts, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms of this enhanced stress tolerance remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that autotetraploid trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) exhibited enhanced salt tolerance in comparison with diploid progenitors. Global transcriptome profiling of diploid and tetraploid plants with or without salt stress by RNA-seq revealed that the autotetraploids displayed specific enrichment of differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, the leaves and roots of tetraploids exhibited different expression patterns of a variety of upregulated genes. Genes related to plant hormone signal transduction were enriched in tetraploid leaves, whereas those associated with starch and sucrose metabolism and proline biosynthesis were enriched in roots. In addition, genes encoding different antioxidant enzymes were upregulated in the leaves (POD) and roots (APX) of tetraploids under salt stress. Consistently, the tetraploids accumulated higher levels of soluble sugars and proline but less ROS under salt stress compared to the diploids. Moreover, several genes encoding transcription factors were induced specifically or to higher levels in the tetraploids under salt stress. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the activation of various multifaceted defense systems in leaves and roots contributes to the enhanced salt tolerance of autotetraploids.Seed priming, a pre-sowing technique that enhances the antioxidant/DNA repair activities during the pre-germinative metabolism, still retains empirical features. We explore for the first time the molecular dynamics of pre-germinative metabolism in primed eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seeds in order to identify hallmarks (expression patterns of antioxidant/DNA repair genes combined with free radical profiles) useful to discriminate between high- and low-quality lots. The hydropriming protocol hereby developed anticipated (or even rescued) germination, when applied to lots with variable quality. ROS (reactive oxygen species) raised during hydropriming and dropped after dry-back. Upregulation of antioxidant/DNA repair genes was observed during hydropriming and the subsequent imbibition. Upregulation of SmOGG1 (8-oxoguanine glycosylase/lyase) gene detected in primed seeds at 2 h of imbibition appeared as a promising hallmark. On the basis of these results, the investigation was restricted within the first 2 h of imbibition, to verify whether the molecular landscape was reproducible in different lots. A complex pattern of antioxidant/DNA repair gene expression emerged, reflecting the preponderance of seed lot-specific profiles. Only the low-quality eggplant seeds subjected to hydropriming showed enhanced ROS levels, both in the dry and imbibed state, and this might be a useful signature to discriminate among lots. The plasticity of eggplant pre-germinative metabolism stimulated by priming imposes a plethora of heterogeneous molecular responses that might delay the search for quality hallmarks. However, the information hereby gained could be translated to eggplant wild relatives to speed-up their use in breeding programs or other agronomical applications.Wound damage triggers the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), which induces the expression of a large number of genes involved in wound suberization in plants. Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) catalyzes the generation of primary fatty alcohols by the reduction of fatty acids in suberin biosynthesis. However, the regulatory effects of transcription factors (TFs) on AchnFAR in response to ABA are unexplored. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mdl-28170.html In this study, kiwifruit AchnFAR displayed a biological function analogous to that of FAR in transiently overexpressed tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves. The positive role of TFs, including AchnMYB41, AchnMYB107, and AchnMYC2, in the regulation of AchnFAR was identified. The three TFs could individually bind to the AchnFAR promoter to activate gene transcription in yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays. Transient overexpression of TFs in tobacco leaves resulted in the upregulation of aliphatic synthesis genes (including FAR) and the increase in aliphatics, including primary alcohols, α,ω-diacids, ω-hydroxyacids, and fatty acids. Moreover, exogenous ABA treatment elevated TF-mediated AchnFAR expression and the accumulation of primary alcohols. Conversely, fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, suppressed the expression of AchnFAR and TF genes and reduced the formation of primary alcohols. The results indicate that AchnMYB41, AchnMYB107, and AchnMYC2 activate AchnFAR transcription to promote ABA-mediated primary alcohol formation in wound suberization in kiwifruit.
